Chloramphenicol
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DRUG STATUS
Approvals
UK(BNF)
Essential Medicine
YES
Teratogenicity
Unlisted
Pharmaceutical Class
NA
Chloramphenicol
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Click HereSummary
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic used to treat severe infections such as typhoid fever and infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae, particularly when other antibiotics are ineffective.
Chloramphenicol works by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis, which inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria. It is widely distributed in body tissues and fluids and is largely inactivated in the liver.
Chloramphenicol is typically administered orally. For adults and the elderly, the usual daily dose is 50 mg per kg of body weight, divided into four doses. For severe infections, this dose may be doubled initially but should be reduced as soon as possible.
Common side effects of Chloramphenicol include gastrointestinal issues like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Rare but serious side effects include reversible bone marrow depression and irreversible aplastic anemia.
Chloramphenicol is contraindicated in individuals with hypersensitivity to the drug, during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and in patients with porphyria or those taking drugs that suppress bone marrow function. It should not be used for minor infections or during active immunization. Careful monitoring is required, especially in patients with hepatic or renal impairment.
Indications and Purpose
What is Chloramphenicol used for?
Chloramphenicol is indicated for the treatment of typhoid fever and life-threatening infections, particularly those caused by Haemophilus influenzae, where other antibiotics are ineffective. It is used when other treatments are not suitable or have failed.
How does Chloramphenicol work?
Chloramphenicol works by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis, which inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is widely distributed in body tissues and fluids, including the cerebrospinal fluid, and is largely inactivated in the liver.
Is Chloramphenicol effective?
Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that works by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. It is indicated for the treatment of typhoid fever and life-threatening infections, particularly those caused by Haemophilus influenzae, where other antibiotics are ineffective. Its effectiveness is supported by its pharmacodynamic properties and clinical use.
How does one know if Chloramphenicol is working?
The benefit of Chloramphenicol is evaluated through clinical monitoring of the patient's response to treatment. Periodic blood testing is recommended during prolonged or repeated treatment to monitor for any adverse effects, such as bone marrow depression. Healthcare providers assess the effectiveness based on the resolution of infection symptoms.
Directions for Use
What is the usual dose of Chloramphenicol?
For adults and the elderly, the usual daily dose of Chloramphenicol is 50 mg per kg of body weight, divided into four doses. For severe infections, this dose may be doubled initially but should be reduced as soon as possible. The safety and efficacy of Chloramphenicol in children have not been established.
How do I take Chloramphenicol?
Chloramphenicol is administered orally, and the content does not specify whether it should be taken with or without food. There are no specific food restrictions mentioned. However, it is always best to follow the healthcare provider's instructions regarding the administration of the medication.
For how long do I take Chloramphenicol?
The typical duration of use for Chloramphenicol is not specified in the provided content. The duration of treatment usually depends on the type and severity of the infection being treated. It is important to follow the healthcare provider's instructions regarding the length of treatment.
How long does it take for Chloramphenicol to start working?
Chloramphenicol is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with significant serum levels observable 30 minutes after ingestion. The half-life of the drug is 2 to 5 hours, indicating that it begins to work relatively quickly after administration.
How should I store Chloramphenicol?
Chloramphenicol should be stored in a cool, dry place in its original package. There are no special requirements for disposal. It is important to follow these storage instructions to maintain the medication's effectiveness and safety.
Warnings and Precautions
Who should avoid taking Chloramphenicol?
Chloramphenicol is contraindicated in individuals with hypersensitivity to the drug, during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and in patients with porphyria or those taking drugs that suppress bone marrow function. It should not be used for minor infections or during active immunization. Careful monitoring is required, especially in patients with hepatic or renal impairment.
Can I take Chloramphenicol with other prescription drugs?
Chloramphenicol interacts with several drugs, including warfarin, phenytoin, sulphonylureas, tolbutamide, penicillins, rifampicin, and paracetamol. It can prolong the elimination of these drugs, increasing their blood levels. Doses of anticonvulsants and anticoagulants may need adjustment. Concurrent use with paracetamol should be avoided as it prolongs chloramphenicol's half-life.
Can I take Chloramphenicol with vitamins or supplements?
The provided content does not mention specific interactions between Chloramphenicol and vitamins or supplements. However, it is always advisable to inform healthcare providers about all supplements being taken to avoid potential interactions and ensure safe use of the medication.
Can Chloramphenicol be taken safely while pregnant?
Chloramphenicol is contraindicated during pregnancy as it crosses the placenta and poses a risk of fetal harm, including Gray Baby Syndrome. There is strong evidence of potential harm to the fetus, and its use should be avoided during pregnancy.
Can Chloramphenicol be taken safely while breastfeeding?
Chloramphenicol is contraindicated during breastfeeding as it is excreted in breast milk and poses a risk to the infant, including the development of Gray Baby Syndrome. Breastfeeding mothers should avoid using this medication to prevent potential harm to the infant.
Is Chloramphenicol safe for the elderly?
For the elderly, dose reduction and plasma level monitoring may be required when using Chloramphenicol, especially if they have hepatic or renal impairment or are taking interacting drugs. The use of Chloramphenicol should be carefully monitored, and periodic blood testing is recommended during prolonged or repeated treatment.
Is it safe to exercise while taking Chloramphenicol?
The provided content does not indicate that Chloramphenicol limits the ability to exercise. However, if a person feels unwell or experiences side effects while taking the medication, they should consult their healthcare provider before engaging in physical activity.
Is it safe to drink alcohol while taking Chloramphenicol?
The provided content does not mention any specific interactions between alcohol and Chloramphenicol. However, it is generally advisable to consult with a healthcare provider before consuming alcohol while taking any medication, as alcohol can sometimes affect the metabolism of drugs or exacerbate side effects.
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